As part of the International Law Seminar's 60th Anniversary commemorative project, former participants from across the decades were invited to reflect on their experience and share how the Seminar influenced their professional and personal journeys. The testimonials below, from participants of the 50th (2014) to the 59th Session (2025), offer unique insights into the lasting impact of the Seminar and its role in shaping careers in international law.
Ata Hindi, 50th session (2014), Palestine
"I would say that my engagement with the seminar has profoundly shaped both my scholarship and my teaching. Many of my writings especially encompass the work of the ILC. It was wonderful meeting with such an eclectic group of individuals just over a decade ago, and being part of such a dynamic international law environment that only Geneva offers."
Michael Kabai, 50th session (2014), South Africa
"My name is Michael Kabai, and I am from South Africa. I attended the 50th International Law Seminar in 2014. Attending the International Law Seminar was a turning point in my legal career. The International Law Seminar delivered not only knowledge, but also practical insights that immediately altered my attitude to international law. Unlike general seminars, these seminars concentrated on certain relevant international themes, providing me with niche knowledge that increased my value to my organisation. I had the opportunity to engage with experienced professionals, which provided me with, not just technical knowledge, but guidance on career pathing and navigating the international law landscape. The interaction with like-minded peers rekindled my enthusiasm for international law. Beyond the educational sessions, the networking opportunities were exceptional. I had the pleasure of connecting with other participants from various countries. These conversations allowed me to exchange ideas, discuss shared challenges, and build meaningful professional relationships in a relaxed, engaging environment.
One of my fondest memories was when the participants nominated me to deliver the closing remarks and address the commission. Being nominated by the participants themselves signified the genuine connection and trust they placed in me.
I highly recommend this seminar to any legal professional interested in international law who wants to advance their skills and knowledge."
Eileen Alina Canas Vargas, 51st session (2015), Costa Rica
"The 60th anniversary of the ILS is a great occasion to celebrate and reflect on how this program has helped to advance the career of many young lawyers around the world, contributing to the development and codification of international law during its existence. It also gives us alumni the chance to look back at the time when we participated in it and to see how it impacted our professional journey.
I had the honor to join the 51st session of the ILS in July 2015. The seminar was a key opportunity to expand my knowledge on the different topics of the agenda of the ILC, as well as to better understand the ILC working methods and the functioning of international organizations. I remember how excited I was to meet and learn from ILC members, to discover new aspects of the work of international organizations with which I was not familiar, and to be in touch for the first time with foreign diplomats. Moreover, the opportunity to share and learn from colleagues from various geographical regions made me reflect on how relevant dialogue, networking and trust among cultures with different legal backgrounds are.
This experience gave me a clearer and broader perspective of the international law field which was key for my future professional development as a diplomat and international civil servant. In an increasingly complex global environment, the value of the ILS to support lawyers to get familiarized with the work of the ILC and to continue promoting peace, security and development through international law should be particularly celebrated and recognized."
Francis Wiston Changara, 51st session (2015), Zimbabwe
"It is truly an honor and a privilege to be an Alumni for the prestigious international Law Seminar having participated at its 51st Session in Geneva in 2015. The International Law Seminar is a programme of a profound nature which each State must indefatigably defend, as it stands as a symbol for dissemination, knowledge, teaching, partnerships, training, and friendship for the current and future generations. Values i appreciate the ILS programme for showing me during my time in Geneva.
Participating in the International Law Seminar stands among the most defining milestones of my professional journey as a Foreign Service Officer. The Seminar opened a rare and invaluable window into the workings of the United Nations and, critically, the role of the International Law Commission (ILC) in shaping the progressive development and codification of international law. For a young diplomat from a developing country, this experience was not only transformative, but it was also empowering.
The opportunity to engage directly with members of the International Law Commission allowed me to appreciate, in real time, how the progressive development and codification of international law unfolds. Observing the Commission's deliberations where complex legal questions meet the realities of State practice deepened my respect for the painstaking work required to build legal norms that guide peaceful international relations amongst members of the global community. This insight has profoundly shaped my approach to multilateral diplomacy, strengthening my ability to interpret, apply, and defend international legal principles in my professional work.
The International Law Seminar experience significantly enhanced my effectiveness upon my posting to New York. The grounding I received in Geneva especially in how the International law Commission's work informs discussions in the Sixth Committee equipped me to contribute meaningfully to debates at United Nations Headquarters on issues ranging from State responsibility and treaty law to the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict. The confidence to navigate these negotiations, and to understand their deep legal foundations, can be traced directly to my time in the Seminar.
For developing countries, the International Law Seminar plays an indispensable role. Access to global legal processes is often limited by resource constraints, and the Seminar bridges that gap by providing both training and access to the very heart of international law-making. Its fellowship system ensures that voices from the Global South are represented, enabling countries like Zimbabwe to participate more effectively in shaping rules that govern the international community. This inclusiveness is essential for building a fair, balanced, and universally accepted legal order.
The achievements of the International Legal Seminar over the past sixty years goes beyond education they lie in building generations of practitioners who understand the value of international law as a stabilising force and as a tool for advancing justice, equality, and peaceful coexistence among nations. The Seminar fosters not only legal knowledge but also a deep respect for the IL's mandate and the centrality of the rule of law in international affairs.
The networks and friendships forged through the International Legal Seminar constitute one of its greatest strengths. We become part of a global community rooted in shared values committed to multilateralism, to cooperation, and to the belief that even small states can shape the international legal order when equipped with knowledge and opportunity.
This community continues to inspire and support my work to this day.
As the International Law Seminar marks its 60th Anniversary, I am deeply honored to be part of its legacy. The programme shaped my career, sharpened my understanding of international law, and strengthened my capacity to serve my country with excellence. Its contribution to the progressive development of international law and to empowering practitioners from developing countries remains unparalleled. I remain committed to promoting its mission and advancing the values it instilled in me."
Yejoon Rim, 51st session (2015), South Korea
"My experience at the ILS had a profound and lasting impact on my academic work, particularly in deepening my understanding of the work of the International Law Commission (ILC). The insights I gained during the Seminar significantly shaped my subsequent research agenda and have led me to pursue a sustained line of research related to the work and final outcomes of the ILC up to the present day. In this context, I was invited to contribute an article entitled “The Authority of the Work of the International Law Commission and Its Final Form,” which was published in Volume 27 (2025) of the Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law as part of its special issue dedicated to the work of the International Law Commission.
To share some memories from the Seminar, during the 2015 session participants were divided into two working groups corresponding to the ILC topics at the time: Peremptory Norms of General International Law (jus cogens) and Succession of States in respect of State Responsibility. Our projects were guided by Judge Dire Tladi and Professor Pavel Šturma, who were then members of the ILC and Special Rapporteurs for each topic. Under their supervision, we engaged in intensive discussions and drafted group reports, an experience I found to be particularly formative.
Beyond the Seminar itself, the ILS has also provided a valuable professional network. Over the years, I have had opportunities to meet fellow ILS participants and alumni in Seoul, Paris, Bangkok, Tokyo, and Madrid in the context of international law-related conferences, which has been a lasting and meaningful aspect of the Seminar’s legacy."
Yuksuke Nakayama, 54th session (2018), Japan
"It was truly an honor and pleasure for me to be a member of the group of the ILS 2018. The experience I got there helped me a lot with my work at the International Legal Affairs Division of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) of Japan between 2018 and 2021. I covered diplomatic law, immunity issues among others there. After I left the Division, I served at the Embassy of Japan in the United States and currently I am Brazil Unit Chief at the South America Division in Tokyo.
Even after I left legal Division at MOFA, I have been trying to raise awareness of the importance of the ILS and encourage my colleagues to be candidate for the Seminar. I will continue to do so for sure."
Ozge Bilge, 55th session (2019), Türkiye
"Participating in the ILS was one of the most special experiences of my career. I have great memories from when I participated in 2019.
Having worked in the field of international law for nearly two decades, I had always relied on the work of the International Law Commission in my daily responsibilities as a Legal Counsellor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Yet, nothing compares to the experience of listening to the members of the Commission in person during the morning sessions and engaging in thoughtful discussions with them in the afternoons. This direct exposure to the Commission’s work not only deepened my understanding of international law, but also reshaped the way I approach my role in government service.
The Seminar also had a very tangible effect when I returned to Turkiye. I prepared a detailed report on the ILS for my Ministry, which helped raise awareness for the programme. This, in turn, led to expanded responsibilities related to the Sixth Committee and UN matters. I can confidently say that the ILS played a meaningful role in my subsequent appointment to the Permanent Mission of Turkiye to the UN Office in Geneva. Recently, after completing my assignment in Geneva on 15 September, I returned to Ankara, where I now continue my work as a Legal Counsellor at the Directorate General for International Law and Treaties of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Beyond the professional benefits, the ILS experience is also about people. The diversity of backgrounds is one of the Seminar’s greatest strengths. We learned as much from one another as from the formal programme. The friendships formed in Geneva have lasted to this day. Especially, it was such a pleasure to meeting with my friends from ILS during my assignment in Geneva. I hope that in the future we may grow this network even further across ILS generations."
Hafez A. Chamat, 55th session (2019), Syria
"The Seminar was, in many ways, the first real professional opportunity I had in Switzerland. At a time when I was struggling to find any position related to the legal field, it offered me not only an opening, but also a sense of direction. As a Syrian refugee trying to build a career in a sector where access is often limited, this chance was invaluable. The Seminar allowed me to believe again that a career in international law was possible.
This experience opened the door to my internship at ITLOS and played a decisive role in shaping the trajectory of my professional life. The knowledge, exposure, and confidence I gained during the Seminar have continued to guide me throughout my work in the legal sector in Switzerland.
For all these reasons, I am profoundly grateful. Thank you for believing in my potential at a moment when I was close to abandoning my legal aspirations. Your trust and the opportunities created by the Seminar have had a lasting impact on my journey."
Ha'a Hazel Hauirae, 55th session (2019), Solomon Islands
"In July 2018, I was selected to attend the International Law Seminar at the United Nations in Geneva - becoming one of the first Solomon Islanders to participate in this prestigious program. The Seminar brought together emerging international lawyers from around the world, and being part of that cohort was both humbling and transformative.
The highlight of my time there was observing the International Law Commission as it deliberated on pressing issues of international law. I was particularly moved by the discussions of the Study Group on Sea‑Level Rise in relation to International Law. As someone from the Pacific region - where sea‑level rise is not an abstract concept but an existential threat - witnessing these conversations firsthand was deeply personal. It strengthened my resolve not only as a lawyer but as a citizen of a vulnerable island nation.
This experience has profoundly shaped my career path. It reminded me how essential it is for Pacific voices to be present in global legal forums, especially when the issues at stake determine the future of our homelands. I remain grateful for opportunities like this, which bring us close to the people and processes shaping the evolution of international law."
Victor Pacaric Calderon Merino, 56th session (2022), Ecuador
"The Seminar had a profound influence on my professional career. For the first time, I was able to interact directly with Members of the International Law Commission (including Grossman, Jaloh, Tladi, Vázquez-Bermúdez, Robledo, Escobar, Galvao-Telles, Murphy, among others) and to observe closely their daily work in Geneva.
Attending meetings at the Palais des Nations in Geneva and experiencing the multilateral environment in person was deeply inspiring. It allowed me to understand international law not only as an academic discipline, but as a living process shaped through dialogue, drafting, and cooperation among experts from very different legal and cultural traditions.
During the Seminar I also had the opportunity to speak with staff of the Secretariat and assistants of ILS Members. Observing the practical functioning of the Commission (such as the preparation of reports, debates among members, and the gradual construction of legal concepts) was something I had not previously experienced, not even during other international law training programmes I had attended before (such the one in 2018 RCIL-LAC organized OLA in ECLAC). In particular, I developed a strong interest in topics such as general principles of law, reparations, and the role of doctrine and jurisprudence as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of international law, privileges and inmunities or sea level rise aspects.
Only one month after the Seminar at the end of August 2022, I was notified of my assignment to Geneva, and I have been working here ever since. Today, after more than 3 years and a half, I continue to serve at the Permanent Mission of Ecuador to the United Nations in Geneva, working now with Ambassador Marcelo Vázquez Bermúdez, our Permanent Representative and Ecuador’s current candidate to the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
I can say with sincerity that my current professional life in Geneva would likely not have been possible without the Seminar. It confirmed for me that Geneva is the place where I wanted to build my career.
After returning to Quito at the begining of August 2022, I also organized that month an internal follow-up activity at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to replicate the knowledge acquired during the Seminar. I delivered a course for approximately twenty diplomats explaining the work of the International Law Commission and organized an event in which former participants and experts connected remotely, and which included Ambassador Marcelo Vázquez Bermúdez, Concha Escobar, René Figaredo (from Paraguay and former alumnus) y Vittorio Mainetti (who I had the chance to meet afterwards sometimes). This was my way of ensuring that the benefits of the Seminar extended beyond my personal participation.
The Seminar also left me with lasting personal and personal relationships, including my dear friends Shaiesta from Suriname and Manzi from Togo. I maintain close professional relagionships with several fellow participants and have continued interacting with diplomats and practitioners I first met during that period. Beyond the academic experience, this network has been one of the most valuable long-term outcomes of my participation.
Looking ahead, I sincerely hope the Seminar will continue to grow and reach an even wider and more diverse group of participants from all regions. It would also be valuable to further strengthen alumni networks and to create more sustained engagement between lecturers and participants after the programme, for instance through collaborative projects, publications or follow-up activities. Supporting participants adequately and ensuring that they can fully dedicate themselves to the experience would also greatly enhance the impact of the programme.
For me, the Seminar marked a clear turning point. It deepened my commitment to international law and multilateralism and shaped the professional path I continue to follow today. It remains an unforgettable experience. I hope to continue to be engaged with international law, including by considering study a PhD in International Law and participe in activities related to International Law in the future, including being able to attend to the Hague Academy of International Law at some point in time in the future, among other activities."
Maria Consuelo Galvez Reyes, 56th session (2022), Chile
"I was very fortunate to participate in the 56th edition of the ILS, which reunited professionals and scholars in Geneva after a long suspension due to the COVID 19 pandemic. During my time at the seminar not only did I enrich my knowledge in international law by getting a first-hand view of the International Law Commission’s working method, I also made life long friends whom I remain in contact with until this day (some who found love at the Seminar and have remained inseparable ever since - I still like to think that I contributed somewhat in this pairing). I hope the Seminar continues to bring young professionals together at the Palais for years and years to come, as their input and commitment to the development of international law is quintessential."
Augustina Siman, 56th session (2022), Moldova
"It was a genuine privilege to participate in the International Law Seminar in 2022. The opportunity to exchange views, cultivate new ideas, and engage directly with members of the International Law Commission, alongside an exceptionally accomplished and diverse cohort of peers from across the world, was both intellectually enriching and professionally formative. Being surrounded by such depth of expertise and talent in international law proved deeply inspiring.
The Seminar played a meaningful role in reinvigorating and furthering my passion for international law, a commitment I continue to carry throughout my professional endeavors. In the years following the Seminar, I had the honor of becoming the first Moldovan to serve on the United Nations Security Council, where I worked extensively on complex matters of international law. In many ways, the Seminar strengthened my resolve to pursue such responsibilities with rigor, openness, and a global outlook.
Equally important were the lasting personal and professional connections formed during the Seminar. I remain in close contact with remarkable colleagues from academia, international organizations, and the diplomatic corps, and we continue to inspire, support, and root for one another in our respective paths much enriched by the Seminar.
I bring my deepest gratitude for being chosen back in 2022 to attend the Seminar! As the ILS marks its 60th anniversary, I wish the team continued success on advancing and strengthening international law by inspiring, connecting, and empowering future generations of international lawyers from all regions of the world."
Remah Abouzaid, 59th session (2025), Egypt
"At the outset, the ILS gives its attendees a live and practical experience of how the International Law Commission functions and allows them to engage with experts in international law, which remain very effective for their knowledge and experience. The ILS will be a unique multicultural experience, that teaches a lesson in accepting the others and differing opinions.
My participation in the 59th session of the International Law Seminar (ILS) was an objective, as I tried and I have applied three times before getting my application accepted for the 59th session. I am indebted to Mr. Michael Schoiswohl, the director of the ILS who was very responsive to the fellows' questions, especially mine, which related to international law, more specifically on subject of immunities of the UN staff. Also, I was inspired of the how Professor Vittorio Mainetti, coordinator of the ILS 59th session, recognizes the history of the Palais des Nations-Unies, knowing the historical background of each single corner. My gratitude has to be expressed for Mr. Mario Pasquale Amoroso, assistant coordinator of the ILS 59th session, and Ms. Vinuon IN from the legal office of the UN Office at Geneva, for their kindness and easing the logistics throughout the Seminar's period.
Making part of the 59th session enlarged my mind's horizons and brought me new ideas for my PhD thesis captured during my attendance of the plenary sessions or through brainstorming with my fellows. The visits we made to different UN organs, like the ILO or the UNHCR, allowed me to understand several patterns of these agencies working method.
Walking through le Palais des Nations made me feel the history, and I said that I want to be a permanent part of this historical place. This requires a lot of dedication and sacrifice, and therefore I am always remembering Prof. Keun-Gwan Lee's word, who mentioned in the last day of the 59th session: resilience is very important. Hence, I will remain resilient and humble, until reaching such a professional stage."
Shoira Alamonova, 59th session (2025), Uzbekistan
"My participation in the 59th Session of the International Law Seminar in 2025 in Geneva remains one of the most memorable and inspiring chapters of my academic journey. Beyond the rich academic programme, the experience was also deeply human and cultural - from engaging discussions with colleagues from all over the world to the warm moments of connection, including our fondue evening, where we had the chance to get to know each other beyond formal sessions and truly feel the spirit of the ILS community.
One of the most lasting outcomes of the Seminar has been the strong professional and personal network it created. Today, I remain in close contact with my 24 colleagues from different parts of the world, and we continue to exchange views and experiences on international law. In particular, I have stayed closely connected with my dear friends Anuja, Cyrille, and Abrakham, and our ongoing discussions and cooperation remain a valuable part of my professional life.
Academically, this period was equally significant for me. I had the honor to deliver a statement at the concluding part of the 76th Session of the UN International Law Commission, representing not only Uzbekistan and Central Asia, but also the Pacific and Asian regions. In addition, within the framework of the 59th Session of the International Law Seminar, I took part in the simulation exercise as Vice-Chair of the Commission and as a member of a working group.
Throughout the sessions, seminars, briefings, and visits to key international institutions, I was able to further strengthen my expertise in international law and engage in truly valuable exchanges with outstanding experts and colleagues. Being selected as one of only 25 participants from among UN Member States, and as the sole representative from Central Asia, to participate directly in these sessions at the United Nations Office at Geneva was both a great honor and a profound responsibility for me.
At the same time, my visit to Geneva also allowed me to discover Switzerland beyond the conference rooms - its people, culture, and atmosphere - which made the entire experience even more meaningful and unforgettable."
Dobroslawa Budzianowska, 59th session (2025), Poland
"With regard to the Seminar’s role in my professional development, as an academic I particularly valued the rare opportunity to observe first-hand the working methods of the International Law Commission and its interaction with the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly. Scholarly work often engages with the Commission’s outputs in doctrinal or analytical terms; the Seminar provided a much clearer and more practical insight into how those outputs are shaped in reality. It was especially illuminating to see how statements by Member States in the Sixth Committee inform the Commission’s assessment of existing law and guide its approach to codification and progressive development. The experience offered a more concrete understanding of the dialogic process through which international law is identified, articulated, and progressively developed.
I would particularly like to acknowledge the generosity of the ILC members who engaged with us. I remain especially grateful to Prof. Hwang Lee, who very kindly welcomed our cohort and was consistently approachable and open in answering our questions. I will not forget that, after the ILC session had concluded, he volunteered to interrupt his family vacation in Vienna and return to Geneva in order to conduct our ILC simulation exercise. This was a personal sacrifice on his part and made the exercise all the more meaningful and valuable for all participants."
Steeve Guillod, 59th session (2025), Switzerland
"Participating in the International Law Seminar (ILS) at the United Nations Office at Geneva, in 2025, was one of the most rewarding experiences of my professional development. It offered me a unique opportunity to gain a first-hand understanding of the concrete functioning of the International Law Commission (ILC) and the legal departments of several international organizations seated in Geneva. Attending the ILC's sessions and engaging with its members provided invaluable insights into the deliberative process behind some of the most influential developments in public international law.
The knowledge and insights gained during the Seminar have proven to be essential in my current role as a Legal Officer at the Directorate of International Law of Switzerland. Whether dealing with complex questions of international law, following developments within the ILC, or simply appreciating how much thought goes into every of its carefully crafted contributions, I regularly find myself drawing on lessons learned during those weeks in Geneva.
Equally memorable were the people. The Seminar brought together an extraordinary group of participants from all regions of the world, each bringing different legal traditions, experiences, and perspectives. The discussions were as enriching outside the conference room as they were inside, and I had the privilege of meeting remarkable colleagues who have since become valued friends and members of my international professional network.
Beyond the academic and professional benefits, the Seminar also reinforced an important truth: international law is built not only through treaties and customary rules, but also through human interaction, cooperation, and an impressive quantity of coffee.
I am deeply grateful to have been part of such an inspiring group of participants and proud to count myself among the ILS alumni. I remain convinced that the Seminar continues to shape my work every day, and I warmly encourage anyone with the opportunity to take part in this exceptional program."
Youssef Hitti, 59th session (2025), Lebanon
"From a professional development perspective, the Seminar provided me with a significantly enhanced understanding of the internal dynamics of the ILC, including the manner in which the Commission negotiates and adopts its reports, as well as the interactions among its members. Engaging directly with the members in Geneva “on their turf,” (as opposed to the Sixth Committee context in New York) offered valuable insights into their individual approaches, priorities, and sensitivities with respect to each topic and to the Commission’s work as a whole. This experience has deepened my understanding in many respects.
These insights have had a concrete bearing on how I analyze and assess the annual ILC Report, particularly in the context of statements delivered in the Sixth Committee. They are also reflected in the increased quality and rigor of my written contributions, whether in the form of statements or internal information papers prepared for my supervisors. More broadly, the Seminar has expanded my perspective beyond specific legal files and will continue to positively influence my work in a lasting manner.
With respect to our role in promoting the Seminar, my sense is that following the 2025 edition, all participants naturally assumed the role of “ILS Ambassadors at large.” On a personal level, I actively promoted the Seminar among colleagues at the United Nations, within the capital, and even within my broader personal circles.
The Seminar stands, in my view, as a tangible example of multilateralism in action, as a "multilatéralisme par la preuve". It gives concrete meaning to concepts such as solidarity, camaraderie, cooperation, and mutual support (entraide and échanges).
I also believe that our group genuinely reflected the composition of the ILC itself, in terms of geographical representation, legal traditions, and professional backgrounds, bringing together academics, practitioners, and diplomats alike. Despite our differing perspectives and approaches, both the Seminar participants and the organizers were clearly united by two defining qualities: commitment and passion.
This is of importance in a climate where cynicism can easily take hold and a sense of resignation is increasingly prevalent.
I particularly appreciated the personal commitment and genuine enthusiasm demonstrated by the members of the Commission toward the Seminar participants. Especially meaningful were the moments when several Commissioners reminded us that they themselves had once been Seminar participants. This created a strong sense of continuity and inspiration and prompted some of us to reflect that a few years down the line, we might aspire to join the Commission as members.
Human interaction was certainly the most significant takeaway, whether with the organizers, members of the Commission, or fellow participants. The bonds forged were genuine and enduring, and some of us have already crossed paths again since the Seminar."
Luwam Mogos Weldemichael, 59th session (2025), Eritrea
"Attending the 59th session of the International Law Seminar, held alongside the 76th session of the International Law Commission (ILC), stands as a significant pillar in my professional career. I applied while serving as a Judicial Fellow at the International Court of Justice, and as a national of a developing African country, I was awarded a fellowship that enabled me to participate.
Although the Seminar was shortened to two weeks due to UN financial constraints, the organizers ensured that every moment was used to its fullest. Special Rapporteurs briefed the participants on subjects currently under active consideration by the Commission, offering invaluable insights into ongoing work of the Commission.
Among these sessions, Professor Dapo Akande’s introduction to the work of the ILC was particularly interesting. He explained how the Commission seeks to balance the progressive development of international law with its codification, and outlined the stages through which topics move from initial study to final adoption. His clarity deepened my appreciation for the rigor and inclusivity behind the Commission’s work.
The second week was equally enlightening. The Seminar on Privileges and Immunities of International Organizations, led by Mr. Michael Schoiswohl and Mr. Vittorio Mainetti, left a lasting impression. Their experience shed light on the complexities surrounding international organizations and their immunities. The discussion resonated closely with the themes I had encountered during my fellowship at the International Court of Justice, making the session particularly meaningful.
Perhaps the most distinctive feature of the 2025 session was the ILC simulation exercise directed by Professor Keun-Gwan Lee. By assuming roles such as Special Rapporteur, Drafting Committee member, and plenary participant, the participants experienced firsthand the deliberative process of the Commission. This exercise transformed abstract procedures into practical engagement, reinforcing the collaborative and respectful spirit at the heart of the ILC’s deliberations.
The diversity of representation within the Seminar also stood out. Participants came from a wide range of legal systems and traditions, and the fellowship program ensured equal participation by lawyers from developing countries.
Overall, the Seminar provided not only technical knowledge but also invaluable exposure to the inner workings of the ILC. It broadened my understanding of the progressive development and codification of international law, strengthened my professional confidence, and fostered friendships that will endure well beyond Geneva.
I am deeply grateful to the organizers - Michael Schoiswohl, Vittorio Mainetti, Vinuon In, and Mario Pasquale Amoroso - as well as the ILC Secretariat, members, speakers, and fellow participants for creating such a stimulating and transformative environment."
Michel Rouleau-Dick, 59th session (2025), Canada
"I don’t think it’s controversial to say that there’s a nerd in every (most?) scholar of public international law. In fact, reading the first paragraph of Gail Lythgoe’s article on Eradicating the exceptional: The role of territory in structuring international legal thought, I expect some of the readers to feel seen, but also perhaps targeted when reading the first paragraph: "International lawyers are a little in love with the sui generis. With the extraordinary. With the unique and wonderful. With the somewhat geeky anomalies associated with remnants of historical actors and structures. But also, of the new and strange. The novel or special cases. The sui generis is at once exciting, sexy, and nerdy for international lawyers. Displaying good knowledge of exceptions is often how one identifies as being internal to the discipline of international law. Exceptional cases unceasingly provide teaching materials and are fruitful areas of research and writing" (footnote omitted).
The reality of most of international law is usually less interesting, fortunately or unfortunately. Diplomats and legal officers are often not in a position to offer the kind of detailed, tedious scrutiny that is sometimes implied by the subsequent extrapolations based on specific cases or examples. For instance, the case has been made, rather convincingly, that silence in the creation of customary international law is not always a sign of acquiescence but rather is often reflective of a lack of resources by the majority of states to fully and comprehensively engage with all ongoing developments.
And yet there are also sources of hope in what is generally a grim time to study public international law. Namely, I write this short essay to mark my appreciation for the work of the International Law Commission (ILC; the Commission) and to mark the 60th anniversary of the International Law Seminar (ILS; the seminar).
As a participant to the 59th edition of the International Law Seminar (ILS; the seminar) organised by the UN Office in Geneva, I was lucky enough to observe first-hand the work of the ILC as part of its 76th session (unfortunately shortened to five weeks instead of the planned twelve, due to the UN’s liquidity crisis). The Seminar itself also did not run at full length in 2025 and was compressed into two very intense weeks. Even so, 24 other participants and I were fortunate to immerse ourselves in the work of the Commission.
I imagine most readers will have come across the ILC’s output at some point in their education, professional practice, or research. Indeed, the Commission’s work lends itself particularly well to all three due to its usually straightforward formulation and unequalled ability to distill complex topics into polished draft articles, conclusions, etc. paired with thorough commentaries. Until recently though, I only had superficial grasp of the “how”; i.e., the process through which the ILC fulfills its mandate to contribute to the “progressive development of international law and its codification” under Article 13.1 of the UN Charter (via the UN General Assembly).
Without attempting a detailed account of the Commission’s internal workings, it is worth noting that it generally operates on a consensus basis. In practice, this requires a refreshing and remarkable degree of collegiality and mutual respect between experts from different backgrounds, legal traditions and perspectives. Even beyond the practiced members of the Commission and the latter’s well-established institutional framework, I saw the same varied but shared commitment to international law mirrored in the participants to the Seminar. In these divisive times, this was a refreshing opportunity to be reminded of how different states, different regions of the world and different perspectives can all meet through international law.
Whilst the Commission itself can be criticised on certain aspects such as its gender imbalance or lack of representation of indigenous legal systems, it is a rare source of optimism in what is otherwise a dark time for international law. For one thing, it is incredibly refreshing to witness the meticulous process of multilingual drafting, taking into account nuances of meaning but also the discrepancies between concepts in different legal cultures. This is reflected in the work of the Commission which is in constant oscillation between genuinely interesting dialogue on the translation of legal concepts (see here at 25:11, for example), and thorny questions of punctuation (see here at 01:07:50, for a thorough discussion on the use of dashes and commas).
Following the Commission’s work and hearing directly from Special Rapporteurs about their work also served as a welcome antidote to the notion that the world is just a set of pre-determined broad narratives clashing with one another. Processes shape outcomes and whilst the politics and disagreements never truly disappear, I particularly enjoyed observing the stubborn displays of individual agency and the spirited debates that (sometimes) led to an ultimately better outcome. Aside from the many interesting exchanges, a personal highlight of the seminar was listening to Mr Claudio Grossman, currently the Special Rapporteur on Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction, reflect on his own story and how closely it relates to his work on the issue, especially in relation to accountability.
The most important insights I took away from my experience at the seminar stemmed from the better understanding of the process I got from being there in person, distilled through many exchanges and discussions with the other participants. It is hard not to take seriously the Commission’s output and commentaries once one understands the process that leads to it and the extent to which every word is scrutinised. Regardless of whether one agrees or disagrees with the Commission’s output, its process and structure means that any engagement with it must include the substance of its work.
This emphasis on process also applies, in a different way, to the Seminar itself. Bringing together participants from diverse backgrounds created an unusually rich environment for learning and for building friendships. The expert guidance of the organisers and the generous participation of Mr Keun-Gwan Lee in the concluding simulation meant the participants also got to first build and then experience in practice the collegiality and collaborative nature of the work of the Commission.
Looking ahead, I can only wish to future participants as good of an experience as I had myself, and as nice of a cohort of participants as I had the chance to be a part of. Both the ILC and the ILS are much needed sources of hope in what is an otherwise bleak time. Much can (and should) be said about the need to reform international law and it is difficult to disagree. But if an opportunity to rebuild international law were to arise, I would strongly suggest retaining the ILC and taking inspiration from its commitment to the codification and progressive development of international law as one of the foundation upon which a new system can be built."
Thiraphorn Trivachirangkul, 59th session (2025), Thailand
"Participating in the 59th Session of the International Law Seminar at the United Nations Office at Geneva, from 26 May to 5 June 2025, was not merely an academic programme for me. It was a once-in-a-lifetime journey - one that deepened my understanding of international law, strengthened my professional purpose, and created bonds and experiences that will stay with me for life.
From the very first morning at the Palais des Nations, as we gathered for the opening of the Seminar and later sat in the International Law Commission plenary, I felt a strong sense of perspective. International law, which we often study through texts and cases, was unfolding right in front of us - debated, refined, and shaped by those entrusted with its progressive development and codification.
What made this Seminar truly exceptional was the opportunity to learn international law from within its institutional core. Through briefings by members of the International Law Commission and senior UN legal officials, we gained a clear and practical understanding of how international law functions in reality - from conceptual development to legal drafting and intergovernmental negotiation. We learned how legal norms evolve, how technical precision is balanced with political considerations, and how States engage with the work of the Commission.
Rather than a series of isolated lectures, the programme offered a coherent and comprehensive exploration of international law, enhancing our understanding of its sources and interpretation through practical examples, including the interaction between treaty law and customary international law, the role of soft law and non-legally binding instruments, the legal frameworks governing State responsibility and immunities, and the application of international law to emerging challenges such as sea-level rise, maritime security, and institutional dispute settlement. These discussions transformed theoretical knowledge into lived understanding, connecting doctrine with contemporary global challenges.
Moreover, one of the most meaningful learning experiences was the ILC simulation exercise, chaired by Mr. Keun-Gwan Lee. By engaging directly in drafting, debate, and negotiation, we experienced the discipline, responsibility, and collaborative nature required in international law-making. This exercise strengthened not only our technical skills, but also our ability to listen, compromise, and reason across legal traditions.
Equally remarkable were the people I had the privilege to meet. The participants came from diverse regions, legal systems, and professional backgrounds, yet shared a genuine commitment to international law. In just two intensive weeks, we built a strong sense of trust and mutual respect that went far beyond the Seminar itself.
These connections have endured. We continue to stay in touch, exchange ideas, and support one another professionally. Many of us have already met again - at the Sixth Committee of the UN General Assembly, at international conferences, and during meetings around the world - reinforcing the sense that the ILS created a lasting global network rooted in shared experience.
The 59th International Law Seminar has had a lasting impact on me. It sharpened my legal reasoning, broadened my global perspective, and strengthened my confidence to engage in multilateral legal environments. Most importantly, it reaffirmed my belief that international law is shaped through sustained dialogue, rigorous thinking, and collective effort.
I am sincerely grateful to the United Nations Office at Geneva, the International Law Commission, the ILS team, and all the lecturers and organizers for creating a programme that combined academic rigor, practical exposure, and meaningful professional exchange.
For me, the International Law Seminar was more than a seminar. It was a rare opportunity to learn international law where it is made, to gain experience that will guide my professional path, and to build connections that will continue to shape my journey for years to come."
If you are an alumnus of the Seminar and would like to share your story about the impact the Seminar has had on your career and your life trajectory, and have it featured on this page, please contact us at ils@un.org.
